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By
Osagie Ekhaguere
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2

GENERAL AWARENESS AND BACKGROUND

The electrical and electronics are relevant in every economy because they play strategic roles that range from industrial, environmental, agricultural and socio-economic aspects of the society (Onuoha, 2010).

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL RELEVANCE

The relevance of the electrical and electronics has shown renowned usefulness in the process of development, providing vocational and technical education for many through learning experiences that make them adequately equipped for employment (Nnabio & Anthony, 2014).

Electronical gadgets are used in performing different activities with vast speed, making hard work less tedious, saving time, money and resources. They play many roles in various. sectors such as entertainment, information and communication technology (ICT), health, government, commerce, banking, agriculture and education, among others. Some examples of these gadgets used daily are phones, radio, refrigerators, GPRS Navigation systems, cameras, hospital gadgets, ECG machines, automated visual field analyzers, and digital glucometers (Onyinye, Oparaocha, Okezie & Azuamah, 2014).

RAW MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS

Electrical insulation materials include surge protector, metal clad, cooker unit, multi-socket and switches. Others are: electrical conduits, such as rigid steel, lighter steel, PVC or plastic, aluminium, PVC coated, electrical wire, circuit breakers, electrical connectors, electrical box, cables, meter seals, lugs and motor control. As ICT advances, there is an increased demand for electronics.

REFERENCES

Nnabio R.R & Anthony N.T (2014). Enhancing Electrical/Electronic Technology: The Way Forward To Nigerian Security Challenges. Journal Impact Factor. Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 01-07.

Onuoha C. Kinsley (2010). The Electricity Industry in Nigeria: What are the Challenges and Options Available to Improve the Sector? Research Gate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228283290_The_Electricity_Industry_in_Nigeria_What_are_the_Challenges_and_Options_Available_to_Improve_the_Sector#fullTextFileContent

Onyinye Nwala, Oparaocha, Okezie Ahuama & Azuamah Young (2014). The Revolutional Use of Electronic Gadgets in Nigeria: The Public Health Implications. International Journal of Research, 1(11):136-156.

The article was written by Ama Goodness and edited by Evans Osabuohien & Osagie Ekhaguere

By
Osagie Ekhaguere
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0

GENERAL AWARENESS AND BACKGROUND

Domestic and industrial plastics, foam rubbers and coating materials are interconnected within the same production sector. They are very useful in the manufacturing industry (Ojoye, 2019).

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL RELEVANCE

Industrial plastic, foam rubber and coatings have relevance across sectors. Their economic, social and industrial importance are intertwined.

Foam rubbers are used in cushioning automobile seats, furniture insulation in walls, and applied in soles and heels in footwear as well as in insulating buildings, refrigerators and freezers (City-Data, 2021). Plastics are used in packaging, food conservation and preservation, provision of convenience, safety and hygiene. They are used for building and construction, plastic pipes, windows, insulation, transportation, for saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and many more (Millet, Vangheluwe, Block, Sevenster, Gracia, Anotonopoulos, 2018).

Industrial coatings provide protection and safety, prevent corrosion, and keep surfaces clean. (Toefco, 2012).

RAW MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS

Production of plastics cuts across thermoplastics, polyurethanes, thermosets, adhesives, coatings, sealants and PP-fibres. Also, the top three markets for the use of plastic include packing, building and construction and the automotive sector.

Different foam rubbers include polyether, polyester, ethafoam, volara, closed-Cell Sponge rubber, open-cell Sponge rubber, Cellulose and scrubber foams.

They are used to produce sponges, general cushioning, protective packaging, paint rollers, gaskets, acoustic purposes, packaging electronic equipment, floatation applications, material handling, tapes, medical products, insulation, protective padding, electrical outlets, weather-stripping, thermal insulation, industrial padding, shoe soles, repetitive wear and tear, non-woven fibre scrubber and many more (Thomas Insight, 2021). The process of coating is used in almost every item produced in any industry. They protect a diverse array of products from corrosion, wear and tear. Coating also brings in an aesthetic and colourful appearance.

REFERENCES

Ojoye, T. (2019). Plastic, Foam emerge top industry performers. PUNCH Newspaper. Retrieved from https://punchng.com/plastics-foam-emerge-top-industry-performers/

City-Data (2021). How things are made. Vol. 5. Retrieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Foam-Rubber.html

Millet H, Vangheluwe P, Block C, Savenster A, Gracia L, Antonopoulos R (2018). The Nature of Plastics and their Societal Usage. pp. 1-20 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788013314-00001

Thomas Insight (2021). Types of Foam used in Industry. Retrieved from https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plastics-rubber/types-of-foam/

Toefco (2012). Why Industrial Coatings are important. Retrieved from https://toefco.com/why-industrial-coatings-are-important/

The article was written by Ama Goodness and edited by Evans Osabuohien & Osagie Ekhaguere

By
Osagie Ekhaguere
-
0

GENERAL AWARENESS AND BACKGROUND

Pharmaceutical industries are public and private organizations that seek to discover, develop, manufacture and market drugs or medicines that are used by human and animals alike. They are paramount partners with healthcare systems (Gennaro, 1990).

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL RELEVANCE

The sector is considered complex due to the interplay in the roles of manufacturers, national regulators, wholesalers, retailers, ministries, and other stakeholders. Each group has a role to play in creating an enabling environment to fully exploit the sector for the development of the economy (Obukohwo, Olele & Buzugbe, 2018).

Pharmaapproach (2020) notes the need for national or local production of drugs that are quality assured and low-cost pharmaceuticals. Factors that justified this need include lack of ready accessibility to available pharmaceuticals, price fluctuation, among others. Having domestic pharmaceutical production would engender sufficiency, stable prices, local capacity, create jobs opportunities and foreign exchange earnings.

RAW MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS

Ointments, suppositories, globules, powders, solutions, emulsions, suspensions and liquid powders are examples of pharmaceutical products. While some raw materials such as Plastic, polymers, glass, paper, aluminium foil and paper boards are used for packaging pharmaceutical products (Sonus International, 2016). All raw materials used in production must be in accordance with the requirements of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Some machineries used in production in pharmaceuticals include; agitators, blowers, boilers, capsule equipment, capsule and tablet pronters, centrifuges, chillers, coaters, colling towers, dryers and granulators, heat exchangers, high-pressure homogenizers, inspection machines, metal detectors, mixers, ovens, pulverizers/cone mills, tablet dedusters, stifters, spray coating machines, tanks (Shechter, 2016). While packaging equipment includes; blister packers, bottling and filling lines, capers, cartoners, counters induction sealers, labelling equipment and tube fillers.

REFERENCES

Gennaro, A. (1990). Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition. Easton, PA: Mack Publishing Company.

Obukohwo E. O, Olele H.E, Buzugbe P.N (2018). Assessing Efficiency in the Pharmaceutical Sector of Nigeria. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics. Vol. 9 No. 2. DOI: 10.33429/Cjas.09218.6/6

Pharmaapproach (2020). Pharmaceutical Industries in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects. Retrieved from https://www.pharmapproach.com/pharmaceutical-industries-in-nigeria-challenges-and-prospects/

Shechter Tai (2016). Types of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Equipment. BEE International Blog. Retrieved from https://www.beei.com/blog/pharmaceutical-manufacturing-equipment

Sonus International (2016). What are the types of pharmaceutical raw materials? Slideshare. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/sonusinternationa/what-are-the-types-of-pharmaceutical-raw-materials

The article was written by Ama Goodness and edited by Evans Osabuohien & Osagie Ekhaguere

By
Osagie Ekhaguere
-
0

GENERAL AWARENESS AND BACKGROUND

Metals are used in homes and workplaces because they play crucial roles. They are used in appliances and different light fixers like desk tools, chairs and utensils and they stabilize human conveniences on a daily basis (Tuckey, 2017).

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL RELEVANCE

Even though metal, iron and steel industry have a lot of potential to contribute to economic and technological development, the best of it is yet to come. Available evidence suggests that the manufacturing industry has over the years dominated the industrial sector, countries produce more in food, beverages, tobacco, sugar and bread and many more (Raji, 2018).

Cyril, Ajani, Daniel and Agbo (2017) note the potential of the steel industry in creating a stimulus for national development. It is argued that it could lead to sustenance of agriculture, the health sector and other sectors in the economy as well as strengthening national defence. Though the prospects have been identified, metal fabricators have faced the problems of using the right equipment and there have not been enough awareness that should increase the number of skilled traders in developing countries (Iboma, 2018).

RAW MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS

Within this sector, there are different types of custom metal fabrication and they include the following; aluminum, brass, gold, copper, nickel, silver, magnesium, tin, iron, titanium and different grades of steel. Also, stock metals such as sheet metal, metal rods, metal billets and metal bars are used as fabricators. The process of metal fabrication involves the processes of cutting, shaping and molding of the metal material into a final object. The process leads to end-product that is raw or semi-finished materials.

The steel industry has led to the production of basic amenities and items used in the home, office, road, school, and work spaces. It has been used for buildings, vehicles, infrastructure, art and design, machines and tools, industry, medicine and other everyday use (Jernkontoret, 2018).

REFERENCES

Cyril O, Ajani OO, Daniel A, Agbo N (2017) The Steel Industry: A Stimulus to National Development. J Powder Metall Min 6: 156. doi:10.4172/2168-9806.1000156

Iboma Bianca (2018). Metal Fabrication more than a trade-Ani fabricator. The SUN. Retrieved from https://www.sunnewsonline.com/metal-fabrication-more-than-a-trade-ani-fabricator/

Jernkontoret (2018). End products of Steel. Retrieved from https://www.jernkontoret.se/en/the-steel-industry/production-utilisation-recycling/end-products-of-steel/

Raji Rafiq (2018). Manufacturing in Nigeria: Status, Challenges and opportunities. How we made it in Africa. https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/manufacturing-in-nigeria-status-challenges-and-opportunities/62236/

Tuckey (2017). Most Common Metal Fabrication processes and applications. Retrieved from https://www.tuckey.com/blog/common-metal-fabrication-processes-applications/

The article was written by Ama Goodness and edited by Evans Osabuohien & Osagie Ekhaguere

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